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Mediterranean Monk Seal Family Mediterranean Monk Seal Baby

Written By Thursday, March 10, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Species of endangered mammal

Mediterranean monk seal
Billy monk seal 2.jpg
Alonnisos Marine Park, Hellenic republic

Conservation condition


Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[one]

CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2]

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Society: Carnivora
Clade: Pinnipedia
Family: Phocidae
Genus: Monachus
Fleming, 1822
Species:

M. monachus

Binomial name
Monachus monachus

(Hermann, 1779)
Monachus monachus distribution.png

The Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus) is a monk seal belonging to the family Phocidae. Every bit of 2015[update], it is estimated that fewer than 700 individuals survive in three or four isolated subpopulations in the Mediterranean, (especially) in the Aegean Sea, the archipelago of Madeira and the Cabo Blanco area in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean.[3] Information technology is believed to exist the earth'due south rarest pinniped species.[1]

Description [edit]

This species of seal grows from approximately 80 centimetres (two.half-dozen ft) long at nascence up to an boilerplate of 2.4 metres (7.9 ft) as adults, females slightly shorter than males.[4] Males weigh an average of 320 kilograms (710 lb) and females counterbalance 300 kilograms (660 lb), with overall weight ranging from 240–400 kilograms (530–880 lb).[1] [v] [6] [7] They are thought to live up to 45 years old;[5] the average life span is thought to be 20 to 25 years old and reproductive maturity is reached at around age four.

The monk seals' pups are about 1 metre (three.iii ft) long and weigh around 15–18 kilograms (33–40 lb), their skin being covered by one–1.5 centimeter-long, dark brownish to black hair. On their bellies, there is a white stripe, which differs in color and shape between the two sexes. In females the stripe is usually rectangular in shape whereas in males it is usually butterfly shaped.[8] This pilus is replaced after 6 to eight weeks by the usual curt pilus adults behave.[5] Adults will go along to molt annually, causing their color vibrancy to change throughout the year.[9]

Pregnant Mediterranean monk seals typically use inaccessible undersea caves while giving birth, though historical descriptions evidence they used open beaches until the 18th century. There are 8 pairs of teeth in both jaws.

Believed to have the shortest hair of any pinniped, the Mediterranean monk seal fur is black (males) or brown to dark grey (females), with a paler belly, which is shut to white in males. The snout is short broad and flat, with very pronounced, long nostrils that face upward, unlike their Hawaiian relative, which tend to have more forward nostrils. The flippers are relatively brusque, with small slender claws. Monk seals have ii pairs of retractable intestinal teats, dissimilar most other pinnipeds.

Reproduction [edit]

Very niggling is known of this seal's reproduction. Every bit of 2020, it'due south thought that there are roughly 500 pairs of monk seals remaining in the globe.[ten] Scientists have suggested that they are polygynous, with males existence very territorial where they mate with females. Although in that location is no breeding flavour since births take place year circular, in that location is a peak in September, October, and Nov. Although mating will take place in the water, females volition give birth and care for the pups on beaches or underwater caves. The employ of underwater caves may have began in order to make predatory actions near incommunicable as these caves are difficult to access. Considering they will stay with the pups to nurse and protect, they utilise their stored fat reserves to nurse.[4] Information assay indicates that only 29% of pups born betwixt September and Jan survive. 1 cause of this low survival charge per unit is the timing of high surf around the areas of convenance, creating a threat to young pups. Likewise, if a female determines that her environment is not a safe one, she can initiate an ballgame, indirectly lowering the population.[10] Because of smaller populations at that place is an increment in genetic events such as inbreeding and lack of genetic variation. During other months of the year, pups have an estimated survival rate of 71%.[eleven]

In 2008, lactation was reported in an open embankment, the first such record since 1945, which could suggest the seal could begin feeling increasingly safe to return to open beaches for convenance purposes in Cabo Blanco.[12]

Pups make beginning contact with the water two weeks after their birth and are weaned at around xviii weeks of age; females caring for pups volition go off to feed for an average of ix hours.[one] Most female individuals are believed to achieve maturity at four years of historic period unto which they will begin to breed.[four] Males begin to brood at age six.[9] The gestation period lasts shut to a year. However, it is believed to be common amongst monk seals of the Cabo Blanco colony to accept a gestation period lasting slightly longer than a year.[ citation needed ]

Diet [edit]

Mediterranean monk seals are diurnal and feed on a variety of fish and mollusks, primarily octopus, squid, and eels, upwardly to 3 kg per day. Although they ordinarily feed in shallow coastal waters, they are also known to forage at depths upward to 250 meters, with an average depth varying between specimens.[1] Monk seals prefer hunting in wide-open up spaces, enabling them to utilize their speed more effectively. They are successful bottom-feeding hunters; some have even been observed lifting slabs of stone in search of prey.

Habitat [edit]

The habitat of this pinniped has changed over the years. In ancient times, and up until the 20th century, Mediterranean monk seals had been known to congregate, requite nascence, and seek refuge on open beaches. In more than recent times, they take left their former habitat and now only use body of water caves for these activities. Often these caves are inaccessible to humans. Ofttimes their caves have underwater entries and many caves are positioned along remote or rugged coastlines.

Scientists have confirmed this is a recent accommodation, nigh likely due to the rapid increase in homo population, tourism, and manufacture, which take caused increased disturbance by humans and the devastation of the species' natural habitat. Considering of these seals' shy nature and sensitivity to human disturbance, they accept slowly adapted to try to avoid contact with humans completely inside the concluding century, and, perhaps, fifty-fifty before. The littoral caves are, nonetheless, dangerous for newborns, and are causes of major mortality among pups when ocean storms hitting the caves.

Distribution and condition [edit]

This earless seal'southward sometime range extended throughout the Northwest Atlantic Africa, Mediterranean and Black Sea coastlines, including all offshore islands of the Mediterranean, and into the Atlantic and its islands: Canary, Madeira, Desertas, Porto Santo, as far w as the Azores. Vagrants could be plant as far south as Republic of the gambia and the Greatcoat Verde islands, and as far n as continental Portugal and Atlantic France.[1]

Several causes provoked a dramatic population decrease over time: on one paw, commercial hunting (especially during the Roman Empire and Middle Ages) and, during the 20th century, eradication by fishermen, who used to consider information technology a pest due to the impairment the seal causes to fishing nets when it preys on fish caught in them; and, on the other hand, littoral urbanization and pollution.[ane]

Some seals have survived in the Bounding main of Marmara,[13] but the last report of a seal in the Black Ocean dates to 1997.[i] Monk seals were present at Snake Island until the 1950s, and several locations such as the Danube Plavni Nature Reserve [ru] and Doğankent were the last known hauling-out sites mail-1990.[fourteen]

Nowadays, its entire population is estimated to be less than 700 individuals widely scattered, which qualifies this species every bit endangered. Its current very sparse population is i more serious threat to the species, as it only has 2 key sites that tin can exist accounted feasible. One is the Aegean Sea (250–300 animals in Greece, with the largest concentration of animals in Gyaros island,[3] and some 100 in Turkey); the other important subpopulation is in the Atlantic Ocean, in the Western Saharan portion of Cabo Blanco (effectually 270 individuals which may support the small, merely growing, nucleus in the Desertas Islands – approximately thirty-xl individuals[fifteen]). There may be some individuals using littoral areas amid other parts of Western Sahara, such as in Cintra Bay.[16]

These two key sites are virtually in the farthermost opposites of the species' distribution range, which makes natural population interchange betwixt them impossible. All the other remaining subpopulations are composed of less than 50 mature individuals, many of them being only loose groups of extremely reduced size – often less than five individuals.[1]

Other remaining populations are in southwestern Turkey and the Ionian Sea (both in the eastern Mediterranean). The species condition is about moribund in the western Mediterranean, which still holds tiny Moroccan and Algerian populations, associated with rare sightings of vagrants in the Balearic Islands,[17] Sardinia, and other western Mediterranean locations, including Gibraltar.

In Sardinia the Mediterranean monk seal was final sighted in May 2007 and April 2010. The increase of sightings in Sardinia suggests that the seal occasionally inhabits the Central Eastern Sardinian coasts, preserved since 1998 by the National Park of Golfo of Orosei.[xviii] [19] [twenty]

Colonies on the Pelagie Islands (Linosa and Lampedusa) were destroyed past fishermen, which likely resulted in local extinction.[21]

Cabo Blanco 1997 die off and recovery [edit]

Cabo Blanco, in the Atlantic Ocean, is the largest surviving single population of the species, and the only remaining site that still seems to preserve a colony structure.[1] In the summertime of 1997, more than than 200 animals[one] or 2-thirds of its seal population were wiped out inside two months, extremely compromising the species' viable population. While opinions on the precise causes of this epidemic remain divided between a morbilivirus or, more likely, a toxic algae bloom,[1] the mass dice-off emphasized the precarious condition of a species already regarded every bit critically endangered throughout its range.

Numbers in this all-important location started a ho-hum-paced recovery ever since. A pocket-size but incipient (up to twenty animals by 2009) sub-population in the area had started using open beaches. In 2009, for the first time in centuries, a female delivered her pup on the beach (open beaches is the optimal habitat for the survival of pups, simply had been abandoned due to human disturbance and persecution in past centuries).[22]

Only by 2016 the colony had recovered to its previous population (about 300 animals). This was made possible past a recovery plan financed by Kingdom of spain.[fifteen] Also in 2016, a new record of births was set for the colony (83 pups).[15]

Still, the threat of a like incident, which could severely reduce or wipe out the unabridged population, remains.[23]

Recent sightings [edit]

In June 2009, at that place was a study of a sighting off the island of Giglio, in Italy.[24] On 7 Jan 2010, fishermen spotted an injured Mediterranean monk seal off the coasts of Tel Aviv, Israel. When zoo veterinarians arrived to help the seal, information technology had slipped back into the waters. Members of the State of israel Marine Mammal Enquiry and Assistance Center arrived at the scene and tried to locate the injured mammal, only with no success. This was the first sighting of the species in the region since Lebanese authorities claimed to have found a population of 10–20 other seals on their coasts 70 years earlier.[25] In addition, the seal was too sighted a couple of weeks later in the northern kibbutz of Rosh Hanikra.[26]

In April 2010, there was a report of a sighting off the isle of Marettimo, in the Egadi Islands off the coast of Italy, in Trapani Province.[27] In November 2010, a Mediterranean monk seal, supposedly anile between 10 and 20, had been spotted in Bodrum, Turkey.[28] On 31 Dec 2010, the BBC World news[29] reported that the MOM Hellenic Guild[30] had located a new colony of seals on a remote beach in the Aegean Sea. The exact location was non communicated so as to proceed the site protected. The society was appealing to the Greek government to integrate the role of the island on which the seals live into a marine protected area.

On 8 March 2011, the BBC Earth news[31] reported that a pup seal had been spotted on 7 Feb while monitoring a seal colony on an island in the southwestern Aegean Body of water. Soon subsequently, it showed signs of weakness and it was taken to a rehabilitation centre to try to relieve it. The aim is to release it back into the wild equally soon as information technology is strong enough. In April 2011, a monk seal was spotted most the Egyptian declension subsequently long absence of the species from the nation.[32]

On 24 June 2011, the Blue World Constitute of Republic of croatia[33] filmed an adult female underwater in the northern Adriatic, off the island of Cres and a specimen of unverified sex on 29 June 2012.[34] On two May 2013 a specimen was seen on the southernmost point of Istrian peninsula near the town of Pula.[35] On 9 September 2013, in Pula a male person specimen swam to a decorated beach and entertained numerous tourists for five minutes before swimming back to the open sea.[36] In summertime 2014 sightings in Pula accept occurred nearly daily and monk seal stayed multiple times on crowded urban center beaches, sleeping calm for hours just few meters away from humans.[37] [38] To foreclose accidents and preserve monk seal, local city quango caused special educational boards and installed on city beaches.[39] Despite clear instructions, an incident occurred with a tourist harassing a seal. The whole effect was filmed.[40] Less than a month later on 25 August 2014 this female monk seal was found dead in the Mrtvi Puć bay nearly Šišan, Croatia. Experts said it was natural death acquired by her old historic period.[41]

In 2012, a Mediterranean monk seal, was spotted in Gibraltar on the jetty of the private boat owners gild at Coaling Isle.[42]

In the week of 22–28 April 2013, what is believed to have been a monk seal was viewed in Tyre, southern Lebanese republic; photographs have been reported among many local media.[43] A study by the Italian Ministry of the Surround in 2013 confirmed the presence of monk seals in marine protected surface area in the Egadi Islands.[44] In September and October 2013, there were a number of sightings of an developed pair in waters around RAF Akrotiri in British Sovereign Base waters in Cyprus.

In Nov 2014, an adult monk seal was reportedly seen inside the port of Limassol, Republic of cyprus. A female monk seal, called Argiro by the locals, was repeatedly seen on beaches of Samos island in 2014 and 2015,[45] and two were reported in April 2016.[46]

On vii April 2015, a large floating "fish" was reported near Raouche, Beirut in Lebanon, and nerveless by a local fisherman. This turned out to be the body of a female person monk seal known to have been resident there for some time. Further investigations revealed that she was pregnant with a pup.[47]

On 13 August 2015, x monk seals were spotted in Governor's Beach, Limassol, Republic of cyprus.[48]

On 6 January 2016, a monk seal climbed aboard a parked boat in Kuşadası.[49]

On 10 Apr 2016, a monk seal was spotted and photographed past a group of foreign exchange students and local bio-engineers in a creek in Manavgat District in Turkey's southern Antalya Province. According to the scientists involved in local projects to protect the animals, this was the get-go ever documented sighting of a monk seal swimming in a river. Possible reasons for the animal's advent included ameliorate opportunities for hunting, as well every bit college salinity levels due to lower water levels.[50]

On 26 April 2016, two monk seals were spotted at the municipal baths surface area of Paphos, Cyprus.[51]

On 18 October 2016, a monk seal was captured on video effectually Gulf of Kuşadası.[52]

On three Nov 2016, a monk seal was spotted at the coast of Gialousa in Cyprus.[53]

On thirteen June 2017, a specimen was spotted and photographed past a group of fishermen off the coasts of Tricase in the south of Italian republic.[54]

In early on 2018 a mother and her pup were spotted effectually Paphos Harbour in Cyprus.[55]

In November 2018, a young monk seal was spotted at the coast of Karavostasi in Cyprus, simply to be found dead at the same area a few days later.[56]

On 15 March 2019, a monk seal was spotted and photographed past a grouping of citizens at a marina in Kuşadası.[57]

On 20 July 2019, a monk seal was spotted in Protaras bay area in Cyprus.[58]

On 27 January 2020, a young monk seal was recovered dead from Torre San Gennaro in Apulia.[59]

On 15 December 2020, a monk seal was spotted and videotaped while seated on a sunlounger in Samos Island, Greece.[60]

On 24 July 2021, a previously rescued and rehabilitated monk seal nicknamed "Kostis" was establish dead in the waters of the Cycladic islands. MOm, the Hellenic Lodge for the Report and Protection of the Monk Seal reported that the seal had been executed at shut range with a spear gun. Additionally, MOm pledged a €xviii,000 bounty for any evidence that "will lead to the arrest of the person(due south) responsible for the killing of the seal, known as Kostis."[61]

Preservation [edit]

Damage inflicted on fishermen's nets and rare attacks on off-shore fish farms in Turkey and Greece are known to have pushed local people towards hunting the Mediterranean monk seal, just mostly out of revenge, rather than population command. Preservation efforts have been put forth by civil organizations, foundations, and universities in both countries since as early equally the 1970s. For the past 10 years[ citation needed ], many groups have carried out missions to educate locals on impairment command and species preservation. Reports of positive results of such efforts be throughout the area.[62]

In the Aegean Sea, Greece has allocated a large surface area for the preservation of the Mediterranean monk seal and its habitat. The Greek Alonissos Marine Park, that extends effectually the Northern Sporades islands, is the principal action ground of the Greek MOm arrangement.[63] MOm is greatly involved in raising awareness in the full general public, fundraising for the helping of the monk seal preservation cause, in Greece and wherever needed. Greece is currently investigating the possibility of declaring another monk seal breeding site equally a national park, and also has integrated some sites in the NATURA 2000 protection scheme. The legislation in Hellenic republic is very strict towards seal hunting, and in full general, the public is very much aware and supportive of the effort for the preservation of the Mediterranean monk seal.

The complex politics apropos the covert opposition of the Greek authorities towards the protection to the monk seals in the eastern Aegean in the late 1970s is described in a book by William Johnson.[64] Oil companies apparently may take been using the monk seal sanctuary project equally a stalking horse to encourage greater cooperation between the Greek and Turkish governments as a preliminary to pushing for oil extraction rights in a geopolitically unstable expanse. According to Johnson, the Greek undercover service, the YPEA, were against such moves and sabotaged the project to the detriment of both the seals and conservationists, who, unaware of such covert motivations, sought only to protect the species and its habitat.

One of the largest groups amidst the foundations concentrating their efforts towards the preservation of the Mediterranean monk seal is the Mediterranean Seal Research Group (Turkish: Akdeniz Foklarını Araştırma Grubu) operating under the Underwater Research Foundation (Turkish: Sualtı Araştırmaları Derneği) in Turkey (also known equally SAD-AFAG). The group has taken initiative in joint preservation efforts together with the Foça municipal officials, every bit well equally phone, fax, and email hotlines for sightings.[65]

Preservation of the species requires both the preservation of country and sea, due to the demand for terrestrial haul-out sites and caves or caverns for the animal to remainder and reproduce. Even though responsible scuba diving instructors hesitate to make trips to known seal caves, the rumor of a seal sighting rapidly becomes a tourist allure for many. Irresponsible scuba diving trips scare the seals abroad from caves which could get habitation for the species.

The Environs and Urbanization Government minister of Turkey appear on 18 November 2019 that a plan was proposed to farther preserve the species to let the sub species of Foça, Gökova, Datça and Bozburun to increment in numbers.[66]

Conservation [edit]

Under the auspices of the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild animals (CMS), also known as the Bonn Convention, the Memorandum of Agreement (MoU) concerning Conservation Measures for the Eastern Atlantic Populations of the Mediterranean Monk Seal was concluded and came into effect on 18 October 2007. The MoU covers four range States (Mauritania, Morocco, Portugal and Spain), all of which have signed, and aims at providing a legal and institutional framework for the implementation of the Action Plan for the Recovery of the Mediterranean Monk Seal in the Eastern Atlantic.

As there are indications of small population increases in the subpopulations, equally of 2015, the Mediterranean monk seal's IUCN conservation status has been updated from critically endangered to endangered in keeping with the IUCN'due south speed-of-pass up criteria, with a recommendation for re-cess in 2020.[i]

In culture [edit]

The Mediterranean monk seal occasionally appears in Classical mythology. In Homer's The Odyssey, the bounding main god Proteus is shown herding monk seals for Poseidon. The mythical hero Phocus of Aegina (with phokos literally translating to seal in Greek) was the son of the nereid Psamathe, and was conceived while she was transformed into a seal. The ancient city of Phocis (and peradventure Phocaea) was named later Phocus, and the urban center of Phocaea took on the monk seal as an keepsake. This has been thought to either be due to the myth of Phocus' nativity, or monk seals formerly inhabiting the area where Phocaea was established. At that place is simply a single known surviving depiction of the monk seal from antiquity, this being on a Caeretan hydria likely created past Phocaean refugees in Etruria.[67]

Despite its mythological connections and association with certain peoples, the monk seal still seems to have been by and large been reviled and feared by the ancients due to its form and olfactory property, also every bit its clan with the unknown nature of the ocean. Many Greek and Roman metaphors and idioms portrayed the seal in a negative calorie-free. This contempt may have contributed to its long-term decline in numbers past spurring persecution of the species.[67]

Run into likewise [edit]

  • Hawaiian Monk Seal
  • Mediterranean Monk Seal Memorandum of Understanding

References [edit]

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  49. ^ Kuşadası'nda limana bağlı tekneye fok çıktı
  50. ^ Rare monk seal spotted by students in Antalya (Hurriyet Daily News, 11 April 2016)
  51. ^ Monk seals spotted in Paphos bounding main
  52. ^ Nesli tükenen fok Kuşadası'ndan çıktı
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  54. ^ Monk seal spotted off Tricase, Italian republic
  55. ^ Rare babe monk seal reunited with mother
  56. ^ Gemikonağı sahilinde Akdeniz Foku
  57. ^ Kuşadası'nda 15 ay aradan sonra Akdeniz foku görüldü
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  64. ^ Johnson, William (31 March 1988). The Monk Seal Conspiracy. Heretic Books. ISBN978-0-946097-23-4.
  65. ^ SAD-AFAG Archived xiv May 2010 at the Wayback Car
  66. ^ "New plan to protect monk seals in Turkish waters being introduced". DailySabah. 18 Nov 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
  67. ^ a b Johnson, William Thou. (1999). Monk seals in antiquity : the Mediterranean monk seal (monachus monachus) in ancient history and literature. Backhuys Publishers. OCLC 861030988.
  • Randall R. Reeves; Brent S. Stewart; Phillip J. Clapham; James A. Powell (2002). National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. ISBN0-375-41141-0.
  • Peter Saundry. (2010) C Michael Hogan (Topic Editor) "Mediterranean monk seal" Encyclopedia of Globe. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, DC: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment)
  • William Johnson, (1988), The Monk Seal Conspiracy, Heretic Books ISBN 0-946097-23-2

External links [edit]

  • Mediterranean Monk Seal
  • ARKive – images and movies of the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus)
  • The Monachus Guardian
  • Hellenic Guild for the study and protection of the monk seal
  • Madeira Monk Seal Colony
  • Lamentable-AFAG (English language version)
  • Turkish National Action Plan for the Preservation of the Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus monachus)
  • Mediterranean monk seal factsheet at the United Nations Environment Programme – World Conservation Monitoring Centre

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_monk_seal

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